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1.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-684715

ABSTRACT

Los mini-implantes son en la actualidad una herramienta ideal para obtener un anclaje máximo y solucionar un sinfín de problemas clínicos ortodóncicos. Son dispositivos fabricados con titanio grado V (Ti-6AI-4V), que los vuelve más resistentes a la fractura y menos propensos a la oseointegración. El siguiente trabajo tuvo como objetivo reunir diversos estudios de la literatura actual sobre los mini-implantes, para facilitar el entendimiento del asunto al ortodoncista clínico y odontólogos interesados en conocer este dispositivo. Este trabajo reunió estudios en relación a los aspectos clínicos y estructurales de los mini-implantes. Se hizo hincapié en los aspectos estructurales de los mini-implantes, ya que la literatura es escasa en este sentido. Se concluyó que los mini-implantes son dispositivos de anclaje temporario muy útiles en el tratamiento ortodóncico. Siguiendo las orientaciones establecidas y confeccionados de materiales estandarizados internacionalmente, los mini-implantes pueden ser usados en forma segura en seres humanos


Nowadays, the mini-implants are an ideal tool to obtain maximum anchorage solving an endless number of clinical orthodontic problems. These devices are made by titanium grade V (Ti-6Al-4V), which makes them more resistant to breakage and less inclined to osseointegration. By bringing together many studies on the mini-implants' current literature, this article aimed the understanding of the clinical orthodontists and dentists interested in work with this device. The topics are related with the biological, surgical and structural mini-implants. This article emphasized the structural aspects of the mini-implants because the literature is scarce in this important topic. The conclusion was that mini-implants are a temporary anchorage devices very useful in the orthodontic treatment. If followed the guidelines established and using manufactured materials internationally standardized, mini-implants can be used safely in humans


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Dental Implants , Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures , Dental Materials , Orthodontics
2.
Braz. j. biol ; 68(4,supl): 1003-1012, Nov. 2008. graf, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-504453

ABSTRACT

The literature on species abundance models is extensive and a great deal of new and important contributions have been published in the last three decades. Broadly speaking, one can recognize five families of species abundance models: i) purely statistical or classic models (Broken-stick, Log-normal, Logarithmic and Geometric series); ii) branching process (Zipf-Mandelbrot and Fractal branching models); iii) population dynamics (Neutral models included); iv) spatial distribution of individuals (Multifractal and HEAP models) and v) niche partitioning (Sugihara's breakage and Tokeshi models). Among these the neutral, the classic and the niche partitioning models have been the most applied to natural communities, the former having been more extensively discussed than the others in the last years. The objective of this paper is to comment some aspects of the classic, neutral and niche partitioning models in a way that the proposed distributions may contribute to the analysis of the empirical patterns of species abundance. In spite of the variety of models, the distributions in general vary between the log-normal and the logarithmic series. From these models the Power-Fraction, together with independent niche dimensions measures, are amenable to experimental tests and may offer answers on which resources are important in the structuring of biological communities.


A literatura sobre modelos de espécie-abundância é extensa e importantes contribuições têm sido publicadas nas últimas três décadas. De forma geral, são reconhecidos cinco grandes grupos de modelos: i) os que descrevem distribuições puramente estatísticas ou modelos clássicos (Broken-stick, log-normal, série logarítmica e série geométrica); ii) os que simulam processos de ramificação hierárquica (modelos Zipf-Mandelbrot e Fractal); iii) de dinâmica de populações (modelos Neutros); iv) de distribuição espacial de indivíduos (modelos Multifractal e HEAP); e v) de partição de nicho (modelos de Sugihara e de Tokeshi). Os modelos clássicos, os de partição de nicho e principalmente os modelos neutros têm sido os mais utilizados em estudos de comunidades naturais. O objetivo deste artigo é discutir de que forma as distribuições geradas por estes três grupos, bem com as suas bases conceituais, podem contribuir com a análise de padrões empíricos de espécie-abundância. Em geral, estes padrões variam entre as curvas log-normal e série logarítmica. Dentre a variedade de modelos existentes, o Power-fraction possibilita a simulação de uma grande amplitude de padrões de abundância relativa e é de utilização relativamente simples, podendo ser utilizado em testes experimentais de perturbação ou de sucessão ecológica. Aliado a medidas independentes de dimensões de nicho, este modelo pode ainda oferecer respostas sobre quais recursos são essenciais à estruturação de comunidades biológicas.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Biodiversity , Models, Biological , Species Specificity , Animal Migration , Brazil , Models, Statistical , Normal Distribution , Population Density , Population Dynamics
3.
Braz. j. biol ; 67(1): 23-32, Feb. 2007. mapas, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-449623

ABSTRACT

The effect of anthropic alterations such as drain discharge on a fish community was studied in the Ribeirão Claro River, municipality of Rio Claro, State of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Samples were made monthly in three different points along the river (headwaters, mid course, and confluence) between December, 2003 and March, 2004, which is the reproductive period for the majority of the species. The fish community of the Ribeirão Claro River showed a fair composition and diversity, with species rarely observed in studies made in the region, such as Paravandellia oxyfera and Callichthys callichthys. Indices of diversity and equitability showed different results when weight or the number of individuals were considered. Moreover, these indices did not reveal the typical increase in diversity from the headwaters toward the confluence, nor the loss of richness in the part altered by drain discharge. An interpretation should be made with caution, taking into account the diverse factors included in the computation. Similar to the diversity indices, the Morisita-Horn similarity index did not reveal a great difference in the fish community of the confluence of the river, mainly in relation to its mid course. The decline of species richness and trophic composition alteration in the disturbed part is clear, which shows a great dominance of piscivorous species.


Com o objetivo de verificar o efeito de alterações antrópicas, como o despejo de esgotos sobre a comunidade de peixes do Ribeirão Claro, SP, foram feitas coletas mensais em três pontos ao longo do rio (cabeceira, meio e foz) entre dezembro de 2003 e março de 2004, período reprodutivo para a maioria das espécies da região. O Ribeirão Claro apresentou boa composição e variedade em sua comunidade íctia, possuindo espécies raramente observadas em trabalhos na região, como Paravandellia oxyfera e Callichthys callichthys. Os índices de diversidade e equitabilidade apresentaram diferentes resultados quando considerado o peso ou número de indivíduos, além de não evidenciarem o comportamento típico de aumento da diversidade no sentido cabeceira-foz, nem a conseqüente perda de riqueza taxonômica no trecho impactado pelo despejo de esgoto doméstico. Sua interpretação deve ser feita com cautela, considerando os diversos aspectos incluídos em seus cálculos. Assim como os índices de diversidade, a similaridade de Morisita-Horn não ressaltou a grande diferença na comunidade da foz do Ribeirão Claro, em especial com relação ao trecho médio do rio. Fica evidente o declínio na riqueza de espécies no trecho poluído e a alteração em sua composição trófica, apresentando alta dominância de espécies piscívoras.


Subject(s)
Animals , Biodiversity , Environmental Monitoring , Fishes/classification , Rivers/chemistry , Sewage/adverse effects , Brazil , Fishes/physiology , Population Density
4.
Rev. ciênc. farm ; 25(2): 135-148, 2004.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-418904

ABSTRACT

Os laxativos disponíveis no mercado brasileiro são enquadrados pela legislação em vigor na categoria de Venda Sem Prescrição Médica. Os consumidores, consequentemente, realizam automedicação de laxativos, sem considerarem as diferenças no diagnóstico da constipação e a segurança dos laxativos. Avaliar o enquadramento dos laxativos na categoria de Venda Sem Prescrição Médica, mediante revisão bibliográfica sobre constipação e segurança dos laxativos, considerando as especialidades farmacêuticas existentes no Brasil em 2003. Levantamento das especialidades farmacêuticas laxativas existentes no Brasil em 2003, através de publicações específicas. Revisão bibliográfica sobre constipação, segurança dos laxativos e categoria de venda dos medicamentos, através da Internet e livros da farmacologia. Em 2003 estão disponíveis 61 especialidades farmacêuticas laxativas no Brasil, todas enquadradas nas categorias de "Venda Sem Prescrição Médica". O tratamento ideal da constipação depende do entendimento da fisiopatologia desta condição. Foram encontrados dados controversos sobre a associação entre o uso de laxativos estimulantes e câncer colorretal ou disfunção neuromotora do intestino. Os dados controversos são preocupantes diante do número elevado de laxativos encontrados no mercado, além de serem considerados pela legislação atual, que enquadra todos os laxantes na categoria de Venda Sem Prescrição Médica, independentemente do modo de ação


Subject(s)
Cathartics/adverse effects , Cathartics/pharmacology , Cathartics/standards , Nonprescription Drugs/adverse effects , Nonprescription Drugs/standards , Self Medication/adverse effects , Constipation , Colorectal Neoplasms/complications
5.
Hig. aliment ; 15(86): 61-4, jun. 2001. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-298817

ABSTRACT

Foram estudadas as alteraçöes oxidativas de 250 amostras de hambúrguer de carne bovina de mesma data de produçäo e de mesma partida. As amostras foram divididas em três grupos e submetidas a estocagem em temperaturas de -1§C, -8§C e -18§C. As amostras de cada grupo foram submetidas periodicamente à análises qualitativa (prova de Kreiss), e provas quantitativas (Número de TBA e Indice de Peróxido) para avaliaçäo do desenvolvimento da oxidaçäo lipídica. Os resultados mostram que o ranço pronunciado foi detectado após 15 dias de conservaçäo a temperatura de -1§C, após 30 dias à -8§C e após 90 dias à -18§C. A análise dos resultados evidenciou que a vida de prateleira do hambúrguer testado foi influenciada significativamente (P<0,01) pelo aumento de temperatura. Observou-se assim uma correlaçäo inversa entre temperatura e tempo de estocagem do hambúrguer. Conclui-se assim que as amostras estocadas em temperturas mais elevadas (-1§C e -8§C) apresentam alta sensibilidade ao desenvolvimento da rancidez e que os hambúrgueres estocados à temperatura de -18§C poderiam ser conservados por 90 dias.


Subject(s)
Food Packaging , Meat Products/microbiology , Refrigeration
6.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 29(1): 15-8, Jan. 1996. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-161647

ABSTRACT

This study reports a type 1 poliovirus strain isolated in Brazil from a case classified as vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). After serotyping of the viral isolate with hyperimmune equine sera, PCR and molecular hybridization techniques characterized the strain as P1/Sabin-derived. The isolate was partially sequenced to identify mutations at nucleotides 480, 525 and 6203, which are important for reversion of the P1/Sabin strain to neurovirulence. In a recent study, a P1/ Sabin-derived strain isolated from the central nervous system of a VAPP case did not mutate at these positions, but maintained 480-G and 525-U (and 6203-C), suggesting that these mutations are not essential for the occurrence of disease (Georgescu et al., (1994), Journal of Virology, 68: 8089-8101). Although the Brazilian strain also maintained 480-G and 525-U (and 6203-C) and was isolated from the stool, the possibility that this isolate invaded the central nervous system after replicating in the gut, causing the paralysis, cannot be ruled out. This is the first report of a type I VAPP case in Brazil, although some cases caused by type 2 and type 3 strains have been described.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child, Preschool , Poliomyelitis/virology , Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/adverse effects , Brazil , Mutation , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/genetics
7.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 28(7): 733-42, July 1995. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-155256

ABSTRACT

Twenty strains of P2/Sabin-related polioviruses isolated in Brazil were analyzed; ten from persistent paralytic poliomyelitis cases, three from suspected polio cases with transient paralysis, and seven from healthy contacts. The serotypes of the viral isolates were identified by the neutralization test with hyperimmune equine sera. The relationship of the isolates to the P2/Sabin strain was demonstrated by molecular hydridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Partial sequencing demonstrated mutations at nucleotide 481 in the 5' noncoding region and at amino acid 143 of the capsid protein VP1 in most of these isolates from accine-associated cases in Brazil. These data support previous studies on the importance of mutations at these attenuated determinants in the establishment of the disease. However, the existence of isolates without mutations at these positions suggests that they are not essential. The results also strengthen the possibility of the participation of a mutation at nucleotide 398 in the establishment of the disease, and suggest that a mutation at nucleotide 491 or 500 may also be involved in this process. The isolates from healthy contacts presented the same mutations as the isolates from vaccine-associated cases with they were in contact. This strengthens the observation that, although mutations in the genome of the P2/Sabin strain are important for the establishment of the disease, host factors are also involved


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Mutation , Poliomyelitis/virology , Brazil , Feces/virology , Genome, Viral , Polymerase Chain Reaction , RNA, Viral , Sequence Analysis, RNA
8.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 28(2): 195-200, Feb. 1995. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-154264

ABSTRACT

Eight strains of P3/Sabin-related polioviruses were analyzed; four from persistent paralytic poliomyelitis cases classified as vaccine associated, one from a transient paralysis case classified as transverse myelitis, one from a transient paralysis case classified as Guillain-Barr'e syndrome, one from a transient facial paralysis case, and one from a healthy vaccine. The serotypes of the viral isolates were identified by the neutralization test with hyperimmune equine sera and the relationship of the isolates with the P3/Sabin strain was demonstrated by molecular hybridization of the viral RNA of the isolates with a P3/Sabin-specific probe. The P3/Sabin relationship was confirmed by PCR, using a pair of specific primers for P3/Sabin-related isolates. The available data indicate that a U C mutation at nucleotide 472 in the 5' noncoding region of the genome of the type 3 Sabin strain increases the neurovirulence of this strain and this mutation was observed in all type 3 isolates from vaccine-associated cases. These eight P3/Sabin-related isolates were partially sequenced in the 5" noncoding region and seven presented a U C mutation at nucleotide 472, except the isolate from a transient paralysis case classfied as transverse myelitis, that maintained a U at nucleotide 472. Although this virus maintaining U at nucleotide 472 may not be the etiological agent of the disease, the possibility that virus was the causative agent of the disease could not be ruled out


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Genome, Viral , Hybridization, Genetic/genetics , Mutation/genetics , Brazil , Poliomyelitis/prevention & control , Vaccines
9.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 89(4): 513-518, Oct.-Dec. 1994.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-319938

ABSTRACT

This study analyzed 3129 fecal samples derived from 1626 patients with sudden onset acute flaccid paralysis clinically compatible with poliomyelitis. The samples were collected in the period ranging from January 1990 to September 1993 in all regions of Brazil. Among the 1626 cases studied, 196 had isolation of poliovirus. Nevertheless, it was observed that some factors influenced the isolation rate and the intratypic characterization of these polioviruses. No cases of acute flaccid paralysis has been found to be etiologically related with wild polioviruses.


Subject(s)
Humans , Poliomyelitis , Poliovirus , Acute Disease , Brazil , Feces , Motor Activity , Poliomyelitis , Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated/administration & dosage
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